随着科技的飞速发展, 物联网(Internet of things, IoT)概念和技术也得到了迅速的普及.物联网理念的起源比较公认的说法是由Kevin Aston在1999年在Procter & Gamble (P & G)的一次演讲中提出[2], 其工业应用的价值与意义显而易见.对应于物联网技术, 工业互联网的概念逐步演变成为工业物联网的概念, 但工业物联网(Industrial internet of things, IIoT)的起源却没有公认的结论. 2016和2017年, 王飞跃教授分别在IEEE TAB (Technical activity board meeting)未来方向IoT会议和IEEE射频识别委员会(Council on )上提出设立工业物联网专业工作委员会. 2017年底, IEEE计算机学会将工业物联网列为2018年的十大技术发展趋势之一.
对于从工业互联网到工业物联网的转换过程, GE在其官网上一方面宣称“工业物联网即工业互联网”(“The industrial internet of things (IIoT), also known as the industrial internet”)[3], 而在同一篇文档里, GE也承认工业物联网确是工业互联网在客户端的扩展: “One perspective is to think of the Industrial Internet as connecting machines and devices in industries ⋯⋯ On the other hand, the Internet of Things tend to include consumer-level devices ⋯⋯”
在最近的发展中, 工业物联网的概念正迅速取代工业互联网的概念, 无论是在以GE为代表的美国工业界还是以西门子、ABB为代表的欧洲工业界, 工业物联网已成为工业网联系统的主流技术框架. 2017年8月, GE数字部门CEO, William Ruh在官网发表文章“为什么GE数字部门定位于工业物联网领袖(Why GE digital is positioned to lead the industrial internet of things)”[4], 而在这篇文章里通篇再未见“工业互联网”字样.西门子工业也将其工业平台MindSphere定义为“MindSphere是基于云技术的、开放物联网操作系统(MindSphere is the cloud-based, open IoT operating system)”.
1 P. C. Evans, M. Annunziata. Industrial Internet: Pushing the Boundaries of Minds and Machines[Online], available: https://www.ge.com/docs/chapters/IndustrialInternet.pdf, June 15, 2017.
2 Wikipedia. Kevin Ashton[Online], available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KevinAshton, September 20, 2017.
3 GE Digital. Everything You Need to Know About the Industrial Internet of Things[Online], available: https://www.ge.com/digital/blog/everything-you-need-knowabout-industrial-internet-things, December 8, 2017.
4 W. Ruh. Why GE Digital Is Positioned To Lead The Industrial Internet Of Things[Online], available: https://www.ge.com/reports/ge-digital-positionedlead-industrial-internet-things-2/, December 19, 2017.
5 Wang Fei-Yue, Zhang Jun. Internet of minds:the concept, issues and platforms. Acta Automatica Sinica, 2017, 43(12): 2061-2070.
6 Wang Fei-Yue. The destiny: towards knowledge automation-preface of the special issue for the 50th anniversary of Acta Automatica Sinica. Acta Automatica Sinica, 2013, 39(11): 1741-1743.
7 Wang Fei-Yue. On future development of robotics: from industrial automation to knowledge automation. Science & Technology Review, 2015, 33(21): 39-44.
8 Li L, Lin Y L, Zheng N N, Wang F Y. Parallel learning: a perspective and a framework. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, 2017, 4(3): 389-395. DOI:10.1109/JAS.2017.7510493
9 Wang F Y, Zhang J J, Wang X. Parallel intelligence: toward lifelong and eternal developmental AI and learning in cyber-physical-social spaces. Frontiers of Computer Science, 2018, 12(3): 401-405. DOI:10.1007/s11704-018-7903-5
10 Giacobini M, Brabazon A, Cagnoni S, Di Caro G A, Drechsler R, Ekart A, et al. Applications of Evolutionary Computing. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2001. 1-698.
11 Dong M X, Ranjan R, Zomaya A Y, Lin M. Guest editorial on advances in tools and techniques for enabling cyberphysical-social systems-Part Ⅰ. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, 2015, 2(3): 38-40. DOI:10.1109/TCSS.2016.2527158
12 Wang Fei-Yue. Software-defined systems and knowledge automation: a parallel paradigm shift from Newton to Merton. Acta Automatica Sinica, 2015, 41(1): 1-8.
13 Wang Fei-Yue, Sun Qi, Jiang Guo-Jin, Tan Ke, Zhang Jun, Hou Jia-Chen, et al. Nuclear energy 5.0:new formation and system architecture of nuclear power industry in the new IT era. Acta Automatica Sinica, 2018, 44(5): 922-934.
15 Ping Jian, Chen Si-Jie, Zhang Ning, Yan Zheng, Yao LiangZhong. Decentralized transactive mechanism in distribution network based on smart contract. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2017, 37(13): 3682-3690.
16 Zhang J, Wang F Y, Chen S Y. Token economics in energy systems: concept, functionality and applications. eprint arXiv: 1808.01261, 2018. http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:arx:papers:1808.01261
17 Klitgaard T, Reddy R. Lowering electricity prices through deregulation. Current Issues in Economics and Finance, 2000, 6(14): 1-6.
18 Hu Kai, Bai Xiao-Min, Gao Ling-Chao, Dong Ai-Qiang. Formal verification method of smart contract. Journal of Information Securyity Research, 2016, 2(12): 1080-1089.
20 Wang F Y. Social computing: concepts, contents, and methods. International Journal of Intelligent Control and Systems, 2004, 9(2): 91-96.
21 Wang Fei-Yue. The significance of social computing and its prospects. Communications of CCF, 2006, 2(2): 8-17.
( 王飞跃. 社会计算的意义及其展望. 中国计算机学会通讯, 2006, 2(2): 8-17.)
22 Wang Fei-Yue. Artificial societies, computational experiments, and systems: a discussion on computational theory of complex social-economic systems. Complex Systems and Complexity Science, 2004, 1(4): 25-35.
23 Wang F Y. Toward a paradigm shift in social computing: the ACP approach. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 2007, 22(5): 65-67. DOI:10.1109/MIS.2007.4338496
24 Lazer D, Pentland A, Adamic L, Aral S, Barabasi A-L, Brewer D, et al. Social science: computational social science. Science, 2009, 323(5915): 721-723. DOI:10.1126/science.1167742
25 Schuler D. Social computing. Communications of the ACM, 1994, 37(1): 28-29. DOI:10.1145/175222.175223
26 Yang Q, Zhou Z H, Mao W J, Li W, Liu N N. Social learning. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 2010, 25(4): 9-11. DOI:10.1109/MIS.2010.103
27 Leskovec J, Huttenlocher D, Kleinberg J. Predicting positive and negative links in online social networks. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Conferences on World Wide Web. Raleigh, North Carolina: ACM, 2010. 641-650 http://www.mendeley.com/catalog/predicting-positive-negative-links-online-social-networks/
28 Satyanarayanan M. The emergence of edge computing. Computer, 2017, 50(1): 30-39. DOI:10.1109/MC.2017.9
29 Shi W S, Cao J, Zhang Q, Li Y Z, Xu L Y. Edge computing: vision and challenges. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2016, 3(5): 637-646. DOI:10.1109/JIOT.2016.2579198
30 Shi W S, Dustdar S. The promise of edge computing. Computer, 2016, 49(5): 78-81. DOI:10.1109/MC.2016.145
31 Shi Wei-Song, Sun Hui, Cao Jie, Zhang Quan, Liu Wei. Edge computing-an emerging computing model for the internet of everything era. Journal of Computer Research and Development, 2017, 54(5): 907-924.
32 Edge Computing Consortium. White Paper of Edge Computing Consortium [Online], available: http://www.ecconsortium.net/Uploads/file/20161208/1481181867831374.pdf, June 15, 2017.